history of english literature in urdu pdf

Sirajuddin Ali Khan Arzu and Shaikh Sadullah Gulshan were the earliest promoters of Urdu language in North India. Unlike the Hindi poetry, which grew out of the Indian soil, Urdu poetry was initially fed with Persian words and imagery. The medieval Urdu poetry grew under the shadow of Persian poetry. When his Diwan (Collection of Ghazals and other poetic genres) reached Delhi, the poets of Delhi who were engaged in composing poetry in Persian language, were much impressed and they also started writing poetry in Urdu, which they named ‘Rekhta’. He developed the literary form of the ‘ghazal’. Vali Mohammed or Vali Dakhni (‘Diwan’) was one of the most prolific Dakhni poets of the medieval period. Wajhi's Sabras is considered to be a masterpiece of great literary and philosophical merit. Among the other important writers of Dakhni Urdu were Shah Miranji Shamsul Ushaq (‘Khush Nama’ and ‘Khush Naghz’), Shah Burhanuddin Janam, Mullah Wajhi (‘Qutb Mushtari’ and ‘Sabras’), Ghawasi (‘Saiful Mulook-OBadi-Ul-Jamal’ and ‘Tuti Nama’), Ibn-e-Nishati (‘Phul Ban’) and Tabai (‘Bhahram-O-Guldandam’). His poetry focused on love, nature and social life of the day. Muhammed Quli Qutb Shah, the greatest of Golconda Kings who was a distinguished poet, is credited with introducing a secular content to otherwise predominantly religious Urdu poetry.

Kamal Khan Rustami (Khawar Nama) and Nusrati (‘Gulshan-e-Ishq’, ‘Ali Nama’ and ‘Tarikh-e-Iskandari’) were two great poets of Bijapur. The first literary work in Urdu is that of Bidar poet Fakhruddin Nizami's ‘mathnavi’ 'Kadam Rao Padam Rao' written between 14 A.D. The Sufi-saint Hazrat Khwaja Banda Nawaz Gesudaraz is considered to be the first prose writer of Dakhni Urdu and some treatises like ‘Merajul Ashiqin’ and ‘Tilawatul Wajud’ are attributed to him but his authorship is open to doubt. The Sufi saints were the earliest promoters of the Dakhni Urdu. As Urdu started flourishing in the kingdoms of Golconda and Bijapur, the earliest writings in Urdu are in the Dakhni (Deccani) dialect. Its bulk is a million and a quarter times the bulk of our earth.HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE- Dr Ausaf Sayeed Urdu writing in its various primitive forms can be traced to Muhammad Urfi (‘Tadhkirah’ - 1228 A.D.), Amir Khusro (1259-1325 A.D.) and Kwaja Muhammad Husaini (1318-1422 A.D.). It is a mass of flaming matter, having a diameter of 866,000 miles. Its mean distance from the earth is ninety-three million miles. The sun is itself in its nature like a fixed star, but it differs from the other fixed stars in appearance because it is beyond comparison nearer than they are and because it is nearer men have been able to learn something of its nature. One star, however, is so near to us that it is like a great ball of flame.

They are so fax off that a movement of millions of miles would be imperceptible. A few, however, when we turn a telescope upon them, are seen to be whirls and clouds of shining vapour which we call nebulae. These fixed stars are so far off that, for all their immensity, they seem to be, even when we look at them through the most powerful telescopes, mere points of light, brighter or less bright. Only in the course of many thousands of years is it appreciable. They are so vast and at such tremendous distances that their motion is not perceived. They are all moving about in space, notwithstanding that they are called fixed stars, but for a long time men did not realize their motion. At great intervals there are in this emptiness flaring centres of heat and light, the fixed stars. Vast though it seems to us, it is a mere speck of matter in the greater vastness of space. The earth on which we live is a spinning globe.

History of english literature in urdu pdf